A Virginia resident visits your site, uses your content, and at some point decides to exercise the rights the law guarantees them. They want to know what you have on them. They want to correct an inaccuracy. They want you to stop using their data for ads.

This page covers one piece of the picture. For the full scope of the VCDPA — who must comply, the thresholds, the consumer rights and the penalties — start with our complete guide to the VCDPA and cookies.

What happens from that point on?

The Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA, Va. Code § 59.1-575 et seq.), in effect since January 1, 2023, defines exactly what must happen: the channel to receive the request, the deadline to respond, the appeal process in case of denial, and what happens when the business does not comply.

This article covers all of it.

DSAR stands for Data Subject Access Request. In practice, it is any formal request made by a consumer to exercise the rights the law grants them over their own data.

This includes asking to see what you collected, correcting incorrect information, requesting deletion of their data, asking for a portable copy, refusing the use of their data for targeted advertising, or contesting a decision you made about a previous request.

If you are already familiar with the GDPR, the DSAR framework is familiar. The VCDPA follows the same logic: the consumer needs a functional channel to exercise the rights the law guarantees.

Under Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, Virginia residents have five main rights:

The consumer can request confirmation that the business processes their data and obtain a copy of the personal data the business holds, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, 1.

The response must be provided in an accessible and comprehensible format.

The consumer can request correction of inaccuracies in personal data, taking into account the nature of the data and the purposes of processing, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, 2.

This covers any outdated, incomplete, or incorrect data. The business cannot ignore this request.

The consumer can request deletion of data they provided or that was obtained about them, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, 3.

There is a valid alternative in the VCDPA that does not exist in other laws: if the business obtained data from a source other than the consumer, it can fulfill the deletion request in two ways. It can delete the data outright, or it can retain the minimum data necessary to ensure the consumer's personal data remains deleted from active records and is not used for any other purpose (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 5).

The consumer can obtain a copy of their data in a portable and, where technically feasible, readily usable format, when processing is carried out by automated means, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, 4.

This makes it easier to transfer data to another controller.

The consumer can refuse the processing of their data for three specific purposes (Va. Code § 59.1-577 A, 5):

Targeted advertising (ads based on activities across non-affiliated websites over time).

Sale of personal data to third parties.

Profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects concerning the consumer (such as access to credit, housing, insurance, employment, or healthcare services).

Under Va. Code § 59.1-577 C, if the business denies a request, the consumer has the right to appeal the decision.

The appeal process must:

Be conspicuously available and easy to find.

Be comparable to the original request submission process.

Result in a written response within 60 days, including the decision and the reasoning.

If the appeal is denied, the business must inform the consumer about how to contact the Virginia Attorney General to file a complaint. Va. Code § 59.1-577 C specifies that, if available, the mechanism to contact the Attorney General should be online.

The VCDPA is direct on deadlines.

45 days from receipt of an authenticated request (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 1).

The deadline can be extended by another 45 days when reasonably necessary, considering complexity and volume of requests, as long as the consumer is notified within the initial period with the reason for the extension.

60 days to respond to appeals (Va. Code § 59.1-577 C).

These deadlines start when the request is received and authenticated. If additional information is needed to verify the consumer's identity, the deadline is paused until authentication is completed.

Va. Code § 59.1-577 B uses the term "receipt of the request." For deadline purposes, the request is received when the business has the minimum information needed to process it.

The identity verification process can influence this marker. If the business requests additional information to authenticate the consumer, the deadline is paused until authentication is completed, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 4.

This is why the verification process must be agile, proportionate to the type of data involved, and clearly described in the submission channel.

Under Va. Code § 59.1-578 E, the controller must establish and describe in the Privacy Policy at least one secure and reliable means for consumers to submit rights requests.

This means must:

Consider how consumers normally interact with the controller.

Ensure secure and reliable communication.

Allow the controller to authenticate the consumer's identity.

Not require the consumer to create a new account. The business may require use of an existing account, but cannot force the user to register a new one just to exercise a legal right.

A well-structured Privacy Portal offers:

A request submission form with clear categories (access, correction, deletion, portability, opt-out).

A proportionate and non-discriminatory identity verification process.

Automatic receipt confirmation with a tracking reference number.

A log of each request, action taken, and response sent.

An appeal channel for denied cases.

The cookie consent on the site and the Privacy Portal must be integrated so that consumer preferences are reflected in real time in the business's operational systems.

The VCDPA requires the controller to authenticate the consumer's identity using commercially reasonable efforts, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 4.

If authentication is not possible with commercially reasonable efforts, the business is not required to fulfill the request, but may ask for additional information that is reasonably necessary.

In practice, this means:

For low-risk data: an email confirmation may be sufficient.

For sensitive data or higher-risk situations: a second verification factor may be justified.

What is never acceptable: requiring physical ID documents for access to simple browsing data, creating deliberately burdensome processes to discourage requests, or denying requests based on impossible authentication when simpler methods are available.

Under Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 3, request processing is free of charge up to twice per year per consumer.

This is an important point of difference from other state laws. The NHDPA, for example, provides free service only once per year. The VCDPA guarantees twice.

From the third request within the same 12-month period, the business may charge a reasonable fee or decline if the request is manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive. The burden of demonstrating the excessive nature lies with the business.

Receive and authenticate the data subject.

Locate all personal data the business holds about this consumer across all systems.

Prepare a copy in a readable and accessible format.

Include in the response: categories of data, purposes of processing, third parties with whom the data was shared.

Send the response within the 45-day deadline.

An up-to-date data inventory is what makes this process viable at scale.

Receive and authenticate.

Identify which data is inaccurate and in which systems it is stored.

Correct in primary systems and, where applicable, notify third parties that received the data so they can also make the correction on their side.

Confirm to the consumer that the correction was made.

Receive and authenticate.

Check whether a legal exception exists that allows retaining the data (legal obligation, judicial defense, protected purpose).

If no exception: delete from active systems. For data obtained from third parties, there is the option of retaining the minimum necessary to ensure the data remains deleted from active records (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 5).

Notify third parties that received the data to also delete it where applicable.

Confirm to the consumer what was deleted and, if any partial retention is justified, explain the legal basis.

Receive and authenticate.

Generate a file with the consumer's data in a portable and machine-readable format, such as JSON or CSV.

Deliver it to the consumer securely within the deadline.

The opt-out of targeted advertising, data sale, or profiling with significant effects must result in the effective cessation of processing for those purposes.

The VCDPA does not specify a separate cessation deadline, unlike the NHDPA which has a specific 15-day period. The legal standard is "without undue delay" within the general 45-day response period. In practice, well-configured systems process opt-outs in real time or within a few hours.

A consent management platform integrated with the business's systems automates this workflow.

The business may deny a request when:

It cannot authenticate the consumer's identity with commercially reasonable efforts.

The request is manifestly unfounded or excessive.

A legal exception justifies continued processing or retention.

In all cases, the denial must be communicated to the consumer within the 45-day deadline, with:

The reason for the denial clearly stated.

Instructions on how to appeal the decision (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 2).

The appeal process must result in a written response within 60 days. If the appeal is also denied, the consumer must be informed about how to contact the Virginia Attorney General.

Va. Code § 59.1-578 A, 4 expressly prohibits businesses from discriminating against consumers who exercise their rights. This includes denying products or services, charging different prices, or offering lower quality.

The exception: voluntary loyalty, rewards, premium features, discount, or club card programs that offer benefits in exchange for data use are permitted, provided the consumer participates voluntarily.

Va. Code § 59.1-578 F prohibits processing data of known children under 13 for targeted advertising, data sale, or profiling with significant effects.

For social media platforms, starting January 2026, protection extends to minors under 16, with a 1-hour daily usage limit (Va. Code § 59.1-577.1).

If your portal receives requests from users in these age ranges, the process must have a differentiated flow.

Every processed request must be documented. This includes:

Date and time of receipt.

Type of request.

Authentication process performed.

Action taken (fulfilled, denied, or alternative adopted).

Date and form of response to the consumer.

In case of denial: recorded justification.

In case of appeal: complete history and final decision.

This documentation is what protects the business in the event of an Attorney General investigation. Without records, there is no way to demonstrate that processes were completed within the required deadlines.

Before initiating any action, the Attorney General must send notice with 30 days for the business to cure the violation (Va. Code § 59.1-584 B). If the business cures and provides a written correction statement, no action is initiated.

Businesses without a structured DSAR process have great difficulty correcting in 30 days what should have been implemented from the start. The cure period is a guarantee, not a compliance strategy.

If the violation continues, penalties can reach US$ 7,500 per violation, with each consumer whose right was violated potentially counting as a separate violation.

AdOpt logs every consent and opt-out interaction with a timestamp and unique identifier. When the consumer opts out of targeted advertising through the Privacy Portal, the system automatically updates cookie and tracker triggers.

AdOpt's auditable log serves as evidence that processes were completed as required by the VCDPA. And when legislation changes, the platform updates automatically.

Over 60,000 websites already run with AdOpt.

Privacy is not a banner. It is a position.

Want to build a Privacy Portal for your site that complies with the VCDPA? Talk to our team.

Request submission channel without requiring creation of a new account (Va. Code § 59.1-578 E).

Coverage of all 5 rights guaranteed by the VCDPA: access, correction, deletion, portability, and opt-out.

Conspicuously available appeal process comparable to the original submission channel (Va. Code § 59.1-577 C).

45-day response deadline, with the option to extend by another 45 days with notification (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 1).

60-day deadline to respond to appeals (Va. Code § 59.1-577 C).

Commercially reasonable identity authentication process (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 4).

Free service up to twice per year per consumer (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 3).

Documented record of each request, action taken, and response sent.

Information about how to contact the Attorney General in case of a denied appeal (Va. Code § 59.1-577 C).

Non-discrimination protection for consumers exercising their rights (Va. Code § 59.1-578 A, 4).

Differentiated treatment for known children under 13 (Va. Code § 59.1-578 F).

Notification to third parties where applicable for deletion or correction of shared data.

1. Does the VCDPA require a dedicated Privacy Portal?
Not by name. Va. Code § 59.1-578 E requires the controller to establish and describe in the Privacy Policy at least one secure and reliable means for submitting requests. A dedicated Privacy Portal is the most organized way to meet this requirement, but a well-structured contact form or a monitored email address can also fulfill the obligation, as long as they meet the security and reliability criteria.

2. Does the VCDPA have a specific deadline to cease processing after an opt-out?
Not in the same way as the NHDPA, which specifies 15 days. The VCDPA uses the criterion "without undue delay" for the general response, with a maximum of 45 days (Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 1). In practice, for targeted advertising opt-outs, the expectation is that cessation is processed with the greatest technically reasonable agility, within the formal response deadline.

3. How many times per year must the business process DSARs free of charge?
Twice per year per consumer, under Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 3. From the third request within the same 12-month period, the business may charge a reasonable fee or decline if the request is manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive. The burden of proving the excessive nature lies with the business.

4. What happens if the business does not have a DSAR process when it receives an Attorney General notice?
The Attorney General sends notice with 30 days to cure (Va. Code § 59.1-584 B). If the business fails to implement the process within the deadline or breaches the written correction statement provided, the AG may seek penalties of up to US$ 7,500 per violation. Each consumer whose right was violated can be a separate violation, which quickly escalates the financial exposure.

5. How does the VCDPA handle data of consumers obtained from third parties in the context of a deletion request?
Va. Code § 59.1-577 B, 5 offers a specific alternative for this case. A business that obtained data from a source other than the consumer may fulfill the deletion request in two ways: by deleting the data outright, or by retaining the minimum data necessary to ensure the consumer's personal data remains deleted from active records and is not used for any purpose other than maintaining that deletion. This alternative does not exist in the NHDPA or in some other US state privacy laws.

Ready to build a Privacy Portal for your site that complies with the VCDPA? Talk to our team.

Virginia VCDPA compliance rests on documents that need to agree with each other: the cookies policy, which declares every tracker and its purpose; the privacy policy, which explains what you do with the data.